In contrast to the aircraft technology, most commercial automotive HUDs show ghost images focused at a short distance from the windshield. Since then color, matrices, and retractable reflectors have been introduced to HUDs. ![]() This HUD consisted of a monochromatic segment display reflected on the windshield. The first HUD in cars was introduced by General Motors within the Cutlass Supreme in 1988. Current HUD technologies consist of built-in optical devices provided by the car manufacturers (Chevrolet, BMW, Jaguar Land Rover, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, and Hyundai) or external HUD suppliers (Garmin and Pioneer) that display vehicle navigation information. Automotive manufacturers such as Jaguar Land Rover, BMW, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and Hyundai have significantly invested in HUDs over the last decade. The automotive HUD market is expected to grow from $3.7 billion in 2020 to $13.0 billion in 2025, which represents a compound annual growth rate of 28.5%. HUDs have been proposed as a safer alternative to reduce the sight shift from the road. However, the incorporation of a screen in place of the reticle opened the possibilities to show dynamically a broader range of information. Further developments included variable focal distance of the projected reticle and a gyroscope. Subsequently, the reticle is projected at the infinite as it remains fixed at distant targets regardless of the position of the viewer. A semitransparent window allows the transmitted light from a real world to be combined with a projected image that appears as a ghost image. Characteristics of aircraft HUDs were extracted from the reflector sight reticle predecessor. The original HUDs emerged as an advancement to the reflector sight that were capable of projecting a reticle at the infinite. HUDs were first utilized in fighter aircrafts after World War II. The advent of augmented reality (AR) technology may be appropriated in two-way video calling in vehicles. The integration of augmented and virtual realities into the transportation sector is seen as the future of connected vehicles. In this driver age group, 80% of the fatal accidents occurred due to mobile phone use while operating a vehicle on public roads. However, these legislations are ineffective as eight out of ten drivers break these legislations between the age of 16 and 20 years. Many countries around the world have passed legislations to ban mobile phone use while operating a vehicle. Young drivers are constantly connected with their social circles, and many drivers still use smartphones while driving despite expert warnings. Drivers are exposed to an increasing amount of visual and audio information through the use of in-car and brought-in devices such as navigation aids and smartphones while operating a vehicle. Human error was a major contributing factor in 94% of the crashes. HUDs for Car Safetyġ.35 million fatal car accidents occurred on roads worldwide in 2017. Commercial HUDs of industrial manufacturers are discussed in terms of efficiency, usability, safety, and security. This section introduces the history of HUDs and discusses 2D and 3D HUDs. An outlook is provided to reflect on display trends and autonomous driving.ġ Introduction to Head-Up Displays (HUDs) Application examples of the display technologies regarding road safety and security are presented. Design factors, functionality, and the integration of personalized machine learning technologies into holographic HUDs are discussed. ![]() The review elucidates holographic displays and full augmented reality in 3D with depth perception when projecting the visual information on the road within the driver's gaze. This article presents a review of technological advances and future perspectives in holographic HUDs by analyzing the optoelectronics devices and the user experience of the driver. Windshield HUDs do not require the driver to shift the gaze away from the road to attain road information. ![]() HUDs projected on the windshield provide the driver with visual navigation and vehicle data within the comfort of the driver's personal eye box through a customizable extended display space. ![]() Head-up displays (HUDs) aim to introduce a seamless uptake of visual information for the driver while securely operating a vehicle. The discrepancy between road safety and infotainment must be addressed to develop safely operated modern vehicles. Driver's access to information about navigation and vehicle data through in-car displays and personal devices distract the driver from safe vehicle management.
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